![]() This controversy of income convergence and divergence has drawn the attention of many researchers who tempted to bring theoretical insights on this topic. Starting with the endogenous growth theories ( Romer, 1986 Lucas, 1988) and followed by the new economic geography ( Krugman, 1991), several approaches have demonstrated that strong diverging forces might emerge among economies, supporting thus the existence of an opposite dynamic ( Cieślik and Wciślik, 2020). Several critics have been addressed to this pattern. Hence, regardless of the difference in the initial per capita income of economies, richer and poorer countries may converge accordingly. According to the early growth theories, economic integration was meant to allow for an equalization of growth rates while reducing the income gap ( Solow, 1956 Swan, 1956 Mankiw et al., 1992 Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 2004 Cieślik and Wciślik, 2020). The concept of divergence and convergence among countries in terms of GDP per capita is currently a controversial issue as well as a recurrent question of economic thinking. The full terms of this licence may be seen at ![]() Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Copyright © 2021, Cosimo Magazzino, Marco Mele and Nicolas Schneider License
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